What is the recommended spatial distance for rain gauges?

The primary, independent recommendation for rain gauge density in the United States is from the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) and the Water Environment Federation (WEF). They recommend a rain gauge density of one rain gauge for every 5 to 10 square miles. There are some finer points to consider with rain gauge density when it comes to topography and perhaps the design storm of interest, but Step 1 is having a rain gauge network with a density that meets ASCE and WEF guidelines.